The Prophet's Hajj, Umrah, and His Military Expedition

1.3 The Pilgrimage and Umrah of the Prophet (peace be upon him) in Islam

The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) undertook both Hajj and Umrah on various occasions, both prior to and subsequent to his Prophethood, and prior to his migration to Madinah, although the exact number remains unknown. After migrating to Madinah, however, he performed only one Hajj: The Farewell Pilgrimage, in the year 10 AH.

    Following his migration, he performed two distinct Umrahs:

1. The Umrah of Qada: Performed in the year 7 AH, having set out from Madinah and completed the rites in Dhul-Qa'dah.
2. The Umrah from al-Ji'ranah: Performed in the year 8 AH, immediately after the Battle of Hunayn, also in the month of Dhul-Qa'dah.
3. Additionally, he performed a third Umrah in conjunction with his Farewell Pilgrimage, departing from Madinah in Dhul-Qa'dah and completing both the Umrah and Hajj in Dhul-Hijjah. On one occasion, he set out with the intent to perform Umrah, but was prevented by the Quraysh at Hudaybiyyah, where he (peace be upon him) offered a sacrificial animal and returned to Madinah alongside his Companions.

1.4 The Military Expeditions of the Prophet (peace be upon him)

Throughout his Prophethood, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) led twenty-five military expeditions, detailed chronologically as follows:

1. The expedition to Waddan (also known as Al-Abwa’)
2. The expedition to Buwat, near Mount Radwa 
3. The expedition of al-‘Ushayrah in the valley of Yanbu’
4. The first expedition to Badr in pursuit of Kurz ibn Jabir
5. The second Battle of Badr, in which Allah Almighty glorified Islam and vanquished the leaders of disbelief
6. The expedition against Banu Sulaym at Qarqarat al-Kudr
7. The expedition of Sawiq, in pursuit of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
8. The expedition to Ghatafan, also known as Dhu Amr
9. The expedition to Najran
10. The Battle of Uhud
11. The expedition to Hamra’ al-Asad
12. The expedition of Dhat al-Riqa’
13. The second battle of Badr
14. The expedition to Dumat al-Jandal
15. The Battle of the Trench, marking the last offensive by the Quraysh against the Muslims
16. The expedition against Banu Qurayzah
17. The expedition against Banu Lahyan of Hudhayl
18. The expedition to Dhu Qarad
19. The expedition against Banu Mustaliq from Khuza’ah
20. The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
21. The conquest of Khaybar
22. The conquest of Makkah
23. The Battle of Hunayn against the Hawazin
24. The siege of Ta'if
25. The expedition to Tabuk

    The Prophet (peace be upon him) actively engaged in combat during nine of these expeditions: the decisive Battle of Badr, as well as the Battle of Uhud, the Trench, Qurayzah, Banu Mustaliq, Khaybar, the Conquest of Makkah, Hunayn, and Ta'if. Some sources also report his participation in Wadi al-Qura and Al-Ghabah, although he did not engage in direct combat in the remaining expeditions. Indeed, ultimate success lies with Allah alone.